Logistic and supply chain management in retail The WritePass Journal

Logistic and supply chain management in retail Introduction: Logistic and supply chain management in retail Introduction:Background:Supply Chain Management- Definition:Opportunities enabled by Supply Chain ManagementValue-chain Analysis:Research Aim: Methodology:Bibliography:Related Introduction: In today’s rapidly changing business environment particularly in retails industry, there are ever-greater demands being placed on retailer and how they deliver goods (products) and services to their customers quicker, with greater added value, to the correct location, with no relevant inventory position, reduced damage or outdated goods, lost of earning to mention few. However, customers themselves are becoming more sophisticated, wanting more quality, design, innovation, choice, convenience and service, and they customers want to spend less money, effort, time and possibly with no risk. These has force more retailer to adopt continuous improvement, highly competitive and dynamic for survivor and sustainability. Hence, Supply Chain Management (SCM), Logistic and Value Chain management became the main topic for improving efficiency, revenue generation, retain customer loyalty, customer services and satisfy customer’s need. The supply chain in grocery retail industry consists of different departments, ranging from procurement of materials to customer service. Supply chain management means transforming a company’s â€Å"supply chain† into an optimally efficient, customer-satisfying process, where the effectively of the whole supply chain is more important than the effectiveness. Background: Lidl is a German chain of discount grocery stores that operates in numerous countries across Europe, in UK alone Lidl have about 568 outlets / supermarket stores. Lidls largest market is Germany where it competes with fellow German discounter and arch rival Aldi. In reading the paper, one must examine and understand the trend and shifts in retails industry business thinking. It is imperative to know the six major shifts in grocery retails business thinking that may suit Lidl grocery stores. The first shift is from cross-functional integration to cross-enterprise integration. The second: from physical efficiency to market mediation; The third: from supply chain to demand focus; The fourth: from Lidl single-company product design to collaborative, concurrent product, process, and supply-chain design; The fifth: from cost reduction to breakthrough business models; and The sixth from mass market supply to tailored offerings. Each shift entails has its own components whether it be integrating within or integrating across Lidl – the groceries retailer company. Supply Chain Management- Definition: Harrison and Hoek (2011, p.32) defines supply chain management as â€Å"SCM encompasses the planning and controlling of all processes involved in procurement, conversion, transportation and distribution across a supply chain. SCM includes coordination and collaboration between partners (suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, grocery retails outlets and customers). In essence, SCM integrates supply and demand management within and between companies in order to serve to serve the needs of the end-customer.† Supply chain management (SCM), also called logistics network, includes suppliers, industrialized centers, warehouses,   depots or distributions centers, and retail outlets, as well as unprocessed materials, work-in-progress stock, and finished goods that run linking the facilities. SCM is all about having the right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time and in the right condition. In general terms, Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, finished goods, delivery to various retailer depots / distribution centres and to all retail outlets for consumption. Opportunities enabled by Supply Chain Management These following strategic and competitive areas can be used to their full advantage if a supply chain management system is properly implemented. Fulfillment: Ensuring the right quality and quantity of products are delivered to retail outlet shelves for sale at the right time. This is enabled through efficient communication, ensuring that orders are placed with the appropriate amount of time available to be filled. The supply chain management system also allows retailers to constantly see what is on stock and making sure that the right quantities are ordered to replace stock Womack and Jones (1996) describe the lean enterprise as collaborative form spanning the supply chain and argues that supply chains should be organized around value streams to eliminate waste, responding to the pull of the product through the supply chain by customers, to eliminate stocks by organizing value-creating activities around flow, and further stated that the advantage is also to reduce markets to stable, predictable demand through collaboration and co-operation, rather than the turbulence created by conventional inter-firm competition and aggressive uncoordinated sales promotions. Logistics: Keeping the cost of transporting finished product to their respective outlet as low as possible consistent with safe and reliable delivery. Here the supply chain management system enables retailer to have constant contact with its depot/distribution centre and depots team, which could consist of trucks, trains, or any other mode of transportation. Christopher. M, (2005, p.4) defined â€Å"Logistics is the process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory (and the related information flows) through the organization and the marketing channels in such a way that current and future profitability are maximized through the cost-effective fulfillment of orders†. While Piercy (1997) explain that efficient consumer response is based on ‘co-operative partnerships’ between retailers and manufacturers who commit to collaborate in reducing costs in supply chain. Piercy (1997) highlighted efficient cons umer response is a powerful weapon which demonstrably reduces supply-chain costs but criticized for reducing consumer choices and competition and restricting manufacturer strategic development. Charles Dominick (Next Level Purchasing.com President) explains, â€Å"the three types of entities of a supply chain: customers, a producer, and the producers suppliers. The extended supply chain includes customers’ customers and suppliers’ suppliers. SCM oversees and optimizes the processes of acquiring inputs from suppliers (purchasing), converting those inputs into a finished product (production), and delivering those products – or outputs to customers (fulfillment).† Supply chain management strategies were designed to cut the number of suppliers and reduce purchasing costs; but wasn’t to manage supply risk.   Even today, while struggling through a global recession, there is little agreement between buyers and sellers at major manufacturing firms on what constitutes information technology.    There seems to be a universal agreement on what a supply chain is.    Some describe it as a network of autonomous or semi-autonomous business entities collectively responsible for procurement, manufacturing, and distribution activities associated with one or more families of related products.    While reading the passage many consumers are still concerned about what supply chain management really is and how it is applied to its companies. Value-chain Analysis: Porter (1985, p.114) identifies five primary activities which add value to the final output of a retail company: Inbound logistics; Operations; Outbound logistics; Marketing and sales activities and Services. In support of the primary activities of the value-chain, Porter also identified support activities. These are procurement, human resource development, technological development and infrastructure; all these feed into each stage of the primary activities of the value-chain. This value-chain gives room for logistic and supply chain management improvement and provides insight into retails competitors   Figure 1. The Value Chain Lehman and Winer (1991) suggest concentrating the value-chain analysis under five key competitor abilities: Ability to conceive and design; ability to produce; ability to market; ability to finance and ability to manage. Supply chain management is getting a lot of attention in e-business. Why? Because the existing supply chains are mostly outdated for the e-business era, in which inventories and costs must be eliminated wherever they are found. Traditional supply chains were designed in a time of modest competition and slow response time but for retailer such as Lidl to succeed in today’s customer-driven environment, Lidl must emulate Tesco and Sainsbury store and add value to way of delivering online sales and the logistic of supply to each customer in a value-for-money approach. Lidl have to streamline intercompany (manufacturer to Lidl depots/distribution centres) processes just as they do with processes that reside within a Lidl outlet’s boundaries. By reengineering the intercompany supply chain, corporate boundaries are becoming meaningless. The result: enormous payoffs for all partners in the chain. Research Aim: Evaluate Logistics and Supply Chain Management in Grocery Retail Industries in UK and identify where improvement in logistic is possible within retails firm of choice. To also examine the Impact of Supply Chain Management and identify if there is room for improvement Objectives: To investigate whether there is a balance between investing in front-end and back-end (from customer / shop floor to depot/warehouse and to manufacturers) operations. To understand logistics management in Lidl, explore for efficiency and effectiveness of supply chain in modern retail stores that maintain lower inventories than traditional retail. Explore supply chain perspective to help the UK retailers identify superior suppliers and distributors and help them improve productivity, which ultimately brings down the customers costs. Replicate its national supply chain model in UK for global presence, taking into account the unique features of the regional market and emphasize on local sourcing of goods within each outlet. Research Questions: Ques. 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why do modern retails stores carry a lower inventory? Ques. 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why do effective logistics reduces company and its customer cost in modern retails stores? Ques. 3:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How does modern retail gain a competitive advantage in the application of improved logistics and supply chain management? Methodology: A systems approach was planned for this research. A systems approach presumes an objective reality that can be (more or less) â€Å"discovered†, the systems approach means that the world can be thought of, and divided into different systems. Arbnor and Bjerke (1997, p.111) define a system as a â€Å"set of components and the relations among them†, where a component means e.g. a function or a department in Lidl – the groceries retailer company. The research will involve an explicative study based on the results of a survey, which will be conducted. The questionnaire will be formulate and sent to Lidl groceries retailer’s Head Office and outlets. If very little response is attained from questionnaire, the research will switch quickly to using qualitative methods (primarily face-to-face interviews) with key industry professionals, logistics division and middle to top management. Probably statistical representative of Lidl the grocery retailer company, these interviews when conducted may generate a set of indicative prioritize areas and provide room for improvement. Qualitative study may be more appropriate for this research because the main research will entails a lot of information that may not be quantified, such as the Lidl SCM strategies, logistics versus SCM perspectives, differentiation of services offering and uniqueness features of Lidl (grocery retails firm). Bibliography: Alan Harrison and Remko van Hoek (2011), Logistic Management and Strategy: Competing through the Supply Chain, 4th edition, Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Ronald H. Ballou (2004), Business Logistic’s Management: Planning, Organizing and Controlling the Supply Chain, 5th edition, London: Prentice Hall International. Christopher Martins (2005), Logistic and Supply Chain Management: Creating value-adding network, 3rd edition, NewYork: Financial Times Prentice Hall. David Simchi-Levi, Philip Kaminsky, Edith Simchi-Levi (2007): Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies and Case Studies, (3rd Edition) New York: McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A. Porter, M. E. (1985), Competitive Advantage – Creating and sustaining superior performance, New York: The Free Press. Lehma, D.R and Winer, R.S. (1991), Analysis for Marketing Planning, 2nd edition, Homewood IL: Irwin. Simchi-Levi, D., P. Kaminsky and E. Simchi-Levi (2004): Managing the Supply Chain: The Definitive Guide for the Supply Chain Professional, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, U.S.A. Monczka, R., Trent, R. and Handfield, R. (2002), Purchasing and Supply Chain Management Knoxville, United States: Thompson Learning. Womack, J. P. and Jones, D. T. (1996), Lean Thinking: Banish waste and create wealth in your corporation, London: Simon and Schuster. Piercy, N. F. (1997), Market-Led Strategic Change: Transforming the process of going to market, 2nd edition, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Arbnor, I. and B. Bjerke (1997), Methodology for creating business knowledge; Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications Porter, M. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York, Free Press. Moss Kanter, R. (1994). Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances. Harvard Business Review, 72 (4) Larson, P. D., R. F. Poist and A. Halldorsson (2007), Perspectives on Logistics vs SCM: A Survey of SCM Professionals. Journal of Business Logistics, 28 (1), pp. 1-24. Charles Dominick; President Chief Procurement Officer, Next Level Purchasing, Inc. www.nextlevelpurchasing.com Arjan J.van Weele (2005), Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice, 4th edition, London: Thomson Learning Mentzer, J.T.,   S. Min and Bobbitt. L. (2004), Toward a unified theory of logistics. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 34 (8), 606-27

Interview student from Russia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview student from Russia - Article Example These are special workshops, where we meet together and discuss current issues. I try to visit as many activities as possible, for example, we have workshops on politics, economics, films and music, literature. During our last meeting (before I went to the US) we discussed the perspective of the European Union and the results of referendums in France and the Netherlands. As for me, I think, this idea has always been a bit artificial, it doesn't bring much profit comparing with the money that is spent to support it, look at the Euro, its strength won't last for long. But that is only my opinion. I am to prove it, I have to write an essay with my ideas. - In the beginning of the 90s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was felt lack of finance in education, while in the US there was much attention paid to it. In the Soviet Union education was free; nowadays we have an alternative, whether to study at the state or private (which means one is to pay much for it) school, college, university. By the way, the same situation is in the sphere of medicine. - Officially, yes, but the waiting list would be very long, so, most probably, you wouldn't need any medical treatment already. That's why unofficially you have to give money to doctors or buy medicines. Then, speaking about the system of education, as for me, I study at the State University for free and even get a scholarship, but there are students who pay for their studies and these sums are really large, so, I'm afraid, higher education is not available for everyone. - In the US you have the opportunity to decide by yourself whether to study only or to work or combine your job with studies at the college or university. I think, that working while studying is very important because it is a good training and experience. - In Russia education is compulsory only for first eight classes, then you can go to work, if you want to enter the university, you are to study for two more years, and then try to pass your exams for higher education. I try to combine studies and job, though sometimes it causes problems either at the University of at work... - Let's talk about everyday life in Russia. In what ways is it interesting or strange Is it harder or easier for an average citizen in financial aspect, for example Is it hard for you, in particular - Yes. I understand. In Western countries there are very many stereotypes about Russia: that its whole population consists either of starving alcoholics or gangsters (or gangsters-alcoholics). But fortunately it is not so. Believe me. Of course, there are gangsters, like in any country - in big cities it can be rather dangerous to appear in the street late at night. As for vodka, it is still a problem, especially in the countryside, because people can't find job there, the Soviet system of kolkhoz and sovkhoz (farms which belong to the state)

Thomas Paine's most essential role in American Revolution Essay

Thomas Paine's most essential role in American Revolution - Essay Example Thomas Paine is believed to be one of the founding fathers of modern America. He has contributed heavily to the Americans in many ways like as a freedom fighter, an author, intellectual, revolutionary etc. He succeeded in injecting patriotism in the bloods of the Americans which finally helped America in fighting against the British rule and in getting freedom. He has been labeled as a corset maker (a specialist in tailoring corsets) by trade and a journalist by profession. But above all he was a propagandist who succeeded in forcing the Americans thinking in terms achieving freedom from the British colonial rule. In fact the most important role, Thomas Paine played in American Revolution was the injection of patriotism and nationalism in the veins of Americans though his writings. Common Sense, a 79-page pamphlet written by Paine in 1776 is believed to be one of the main motivators of American Revolution. â€Å"Although Common Sense is a clarion call to Americans to defend their pa trimony, it is one which rests its appeal on reason, nature and sentiment† (Paine, p.x). This paper briefly analyses Thomas Paine’s most essential role in America Revolution. â€Å"In January 1776, Paine published his Common Sense, the most powerful and widely read of the early demands for American independence from Britain† (Paine, p.viii).

Religion and Morality

Religion and Morality 1- Religion and Morality. Actually, to know the relationship between religion and morality, we need to define each. First of all, morality has three principal definitions. At the first one, morality is the belief concerning what is moral and what is immoral that means also what is right and what is wrong. In this definition, the descriptive usage, morality is created from society, philosophy, religion and/or conscience. Also, we need to know that the immoral actions here cause clear harm. At the second definition, normative and universal sense, morality refers to an ideal code of belief and conduct which would be preferred by the sane moral person but under specified conditions (Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, 2002) that means the preference of the person plays an important rule. If the action is preferred to be immoral, therefore, it is immoral and if the action is preferred to be moral, therefore, it is moral but of course under certain circumstances. For example, it is common in some societies that eating with your own hand and grabbing the food is not acceptable, so it is in their society immoral and that could mean that if people see you while eating like that, they will stop unless you really stop doing it any more. At the last definition, morality is equal somehow to ethics in which ethics is the study of morality philosophically and morality deals with values which are studied by ethics. For exam, if you dont steal, therefore, this is moral or ethical action (the same) or we can say you are morally or ethically right. On the other hand, the definition of religion can be a system of human thought which usually includes a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs, and practice that give meaning to the practitioners experiences of life through reference to a higher power, deity, or ultimate truth (Geertz, 1982). Also, we can mention that the definition of religion can differentiate from people to others. For example, the religion for Muslims can mean the best way to live the life, because Allah has sent all his massages which received by the prophets who make us understand what is going on? and what are we? and other things. But for others, religion cannot be that thing which can be related to everything in the life. Also, others could relate the religion to afterlife. Somehow religion control behavior, for example, it is not allowed to listen to songs which may influence someone too much with non useful feelings such as too much of love (negative love), therefore, the person may isolate somehow and his productivity for the society will be finished, but instead of that the religion will suggest the person to listen to songs that stimulate him to do something useful for the society. Many opinions were made and discussed through ancient time and modern time according to many religions and religious scholars about the strong relationship between religion and morality. Some of them said that the religion including Allahs books (the religious books such as Quran, Bible, etc), the Teachings of the prophets, and the classification and details of the scholars who came after prophets are the resources of morality, in other words, we can say that every action are directed by religion and if there are some actions which are new, we can do a Measurement between those in the religious books and the new ones. But the question is why? And the answer comes from Muslims who say that the humankind and life and even everything in the world were/are/are being made by Allah who knows what is suitable for human themselves. For instance, cheating is prohibited in Islam according to what prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) said the one who cheated is not from us. This example is a di rect one. Another action like taking drugs, Muslims here depend on Measurement, therefore, the wrong and the right actions are studied carefully for a suitable time and under specific conditions before we can say it is moral and immoral. And after all, Muslims found that the drugs are as same as wine, which is prohibited and mentioned in Quran, because of its bad effects on humankind, so the drugs are prohibited and it is immoral to take it. (Well even though, sometimes some Muslims dont apply this values and standards). On the other hand, some philosophers said that the religion does not cover all things that are related to morality, in other words, morality here is not directed by religion, but the religion is a part of morality and we can say here that if you do something religiously or not, it is moral either way (Surely under conditions). So they believe that morality can act without religion. They believe that there are things that we can change and create, so we as humans will put the standards for these things, For example, the animals right. The animals right is the idea that the most basic interests of animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of humans (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2007). Accordingly, the animals should be treated like human, for instance, they may have right to get a passport, so they can pass the borders with a permission and also you can add to the animals right the rights for living, eating,. etc. 2- Conventional and Reflective Moral Standards. Conventional moral standards are those which we get them from society and they did not change, they may not change, and they may be right or wrong. In other words, conventional moral standards are set of moral things in a society which have been thought to every person in that society. Also, we can define it in another way which is a concept of proper behaviour that reflects the values of a particular social or political context, Distinguished from a moral understanding which is authoritative across space and time (Gumbertb, 2008). For example, in some societies the girl should stay virgin till she gets married, regardless the religion rules. So from the beginning, it is known that staying virgin for a girl is a must and that means if she breaks the rule, she will be punished (we are not going to discuss this issue because it is out of topic). After this we can assume that staying virgin is right to do, so it is moral, and steel or remove virginity knowing that the girl have done som ething wrong is wrong to do, so it is immoral. On the other hand, it is not that big case in other societies. So, we can say that the conventional moral standards can be a behavior. Another example is that in some regions people will not mention their moms names because they feel like it is not important and it may be sensitive although they will mention it if it necessary for the police man, for example. Accordingly, people start doing this thing especially when they face a situation or case. In 1985, Kohlberg who created the stages of moral development mentioned that conventional but in reasoning concept in which the self enters society by filling social roles. Individuals are receptive of approval or disapproval from other people as it reflects societys accordance with the perceived role. They try to be a good boy or good girl to live up to these expectations, having learned that there is inherent value in doing so. ( We are not going to discuss it because it has psychological reasons) is really exists and everyone in the society should apply it. For instance, people in GCC countries are so generous, so all next generation are also generous. So we can assume that the generous has developed to be a common behavior in that society and who does not admit it and do it will damage his/ her fame among people, therefore, it is moral to be generous, and it is immoral to be not generous (stingy). Also, we have to mention that we have like a common related world conventional moral standards. Actually, these standards appeared because of the ease of communication between two or more societies or groups of people in such a way the behavior or action that are traditionally being used in societies may transfer to others. For example, when I was searching in Google months ago, I discovered that Spanish people write ( gagagaga ) when they laughing instead of ( hahahahahaha or lol ) which are commonly used, and back then I discovered also that some guys are using it without knowing that. Actually, I was surprised because it is too fast (I mean how can?). So, the media are playing important role in delivering not only behavior but also almost everything. Reflective moral standards can be those in which the person does them because he knows that they may cause damage to another person, in other words, the person will not do things that hurt others because he thinks about others rights. For example, if the teacher of an high school class gives the all student the same marks like B+ the weak student will not complain, but the good student will definitely complain because he has been harmed and also it is not fear, therefore, the teacher should assure that it does not hurt good students, and he should stop doing such an action. So, we can say that if you are going to harm, stop acting, but if you are going to benefit, dont stop because harming is immoral and benefiting is moral. Another example is that a government will not allow oil companies to drop their fragment oil in the sea because it may hurt the fishing process in which fishermen fish fishes from water and in order to not harm the environment. Indeed, many killing cases were happed because of breaking the reflective moral standards, one case in which one high school boy killed another one. The police men were asking him but it was useless. Then they went to that high school to investigate. They discovered that all students who were friends to the killer said that he has been kicked after the school was finished since he entered the school by group of students. Then the investigators assume that the group of students which kicked him helped him to develop hate, and this hate was huge enough to let him kill one of them. After that the police men closed the case without imprison the killer, yet they gave him psychological appointments and tests in the hospital. Actually, Conventional and Reflective moral standards are related so much in such way they are useful for us to find the moral standards. Basically, we mean that the moral standards are gathered from what we can called it society standards plus the standards in which we do not harm anyone. Also, we can add that the somehow the conventional and reflective moral standards are not same. Conventional standards are discuss things that are inherited from the society and related to human behavior, but Reflective standards are related to the relationship between the person and either individual or group of people. Accordingly, we can do everything that is right, yet we do not stop others rights. 3- Professional ethics and Morality Morals and the expression, moral values are generally associated with a personal view of values. Personal morals tend to reflect beliefs relating to sex, drinking, gambling, etc. They can reflect the influence of religion, culture, family and friends (Lichtman, 1995). That means morality is carrying the rule in which we should follow. For example, when we say dont smoke, dont cheat, or dont harm people, we expect anyone to say that it is a rule that we should apply. Also, we can say that the rule like dont cheat because it is wrong for many reasons like..etc or drive slow because it is right for certain reasons, so many people know them as dos and donts or what is right to do and what is wrong to not do. For instance, when we go to a public place like mall, we should not smoke because it is wrong to do in such place. Also, the morality is influenced by a lot of things such as culture, religion, behaviour, traditions etc. So we can find that morality is giving us the rules in which we should apply. On the other hand, Professional ethics are slightly different from Morality. Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public (Chadwick, 1998 ). That means how the moral issues, values, and standards are used and it gives the explanations about the cases under certain circumstances. In other words, the right action is right this what morality is carrying but the reasons, situations, and circumstances are discussed in a certain professions ethics. For example, what is right in business may not be right in teaching. Also we can add that the wrong action is decided in the same way. Therefore, we have ethics in each profession. So we can find that professions play an important rule to connect morality and professions. In fact, the morality has an integrative relationship with professional ethics and it is tough to distinguish between them even when we write their definitions. Actually, morality provide us with rules that comes from many resources and then professional ethics take these rules and change, explain, or edit them, accordingly, ethics have many types according to professions. For instance, in our university it is not allowed to cheat according to the AIP (Academic Integrity Policy) and knowing that cheating is prohibited as a moral standard; we can see how the moral standard is acting like professional ethics which is the teaching ethics here. So applying the ethics can lead us to achieve the moral standard in our university. Another example is that a new company want to make a rule list for its workers. They would look at the moral standards, and then they will create or fabricate the rules in such a way it will be suitable for workers, and also it will not harm anyone unless he/she harms the company. In other words, we can find that the company uses the moral values to create its own ethics which is the companys ethics. On the other hand, people use morality as well as ethics in which they have the same meaning or they are equal to each other. They use morality to decide which is good and bad and which is white and black, yet they use ethics to decide the same thing in the same way (commonly use). REFERENCES 1- Professional ethics (2004). The Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. Retrieved October 29, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_ethicsaction=history 2- Morality (2009). The Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. Retrieved October 29, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moralityaction=history 3- Gumbertb (2008). What is Conventional Morality? Answer.com (the worlds leading QA site). Retrieved October 28, 2009, from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Conventional_Morality 4- Religion ethics Religions (2009). BBC. Retrieved October 29, 2009, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/ 5- Lichman.J, (1985).Whats the difference between ethics and morality? Arent my personal moral values enough to guide my decision making?. What do you stand for?. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from http://www.scribblers-ink.com/professional_ethics.html 6- Stephen M. (2004). Morality and Ethics: An Introduction, dynamic chiropractic, Retrieved October 27, 2009, from http://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=46121 7- Kohlbergs stages of moral development, (2006).wikia. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from http://psychology.wikia.com/index.php?title=Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_developmentaction=history 8- Religion vs. Morality, (2009). Events at Stanford . Retrieved October 25, 2009, from http://events.stanford.edu/events/202/20235/ 9- Morality without religion, (2009), Harvard, Retrieved October 24,2009, from http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~mnkylab/publications/recent/HauserSingerMoralRelig05.pdf

Animal Farm Dystopia :: Literary Analysis

Animal Farm is about a group of animals taking over the farm in the search for freedom and equality, but over time with wrong decisions made one animal takes control of all. Animal Farm is an example of a dystopia because it is based on five out of the nine traits dystopias have these traits are restrictions, fear, dehumanization, conformity, and control. One quality of a dystopia that is very well represented in Animal Farm is restriction. The animals had seven commandments that must always be followed and four of them were restrictions. One restriction given to the animals was â€Å"no animal shall ever wear clothes† (19) animals were forbidden from clothes because only humans were supposed to wear them. Another restriction animal had that â€Å"no animal shall ever drink alcohol† (19) the animals could not drink alcohol because only humans did and alcohol caused them to act crazy. One major restriction the animals had was â€Å"no animal shall kill any other animal† (19) this restriction of no killing was made by other animals for all the animals to follow. Animal farm has many examples of dystopia but the strongest quality of one is restriction. In Animal Farm fear is used to keep the animals under control. Old major told the animals â€Å"Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever.†(5) Old Major used fear to get the animals to revel by telling them how horrible Johns was, and how john treated them badly and miss feed them. Also fear was used by Squealer when he says â€Å"surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?†(28) The pigs knew that the animals were mistreated by Johns and that no one wanted him back so the pigs asked for more food so johns would not come back to the farm. Napoleon kept the animals doing what he wanted by scaring them in to thinking that snowball betrayed them â€Å"snowball was declared to be hiding at Foxwood†(63) Napoleon would tell the animals that snowball was doing all kinds of bad things, and some animals were afraid to sleep. Control is used in animal farm to keep the animals away from disobeying. Napoleon took over the farm by controlling the animals he made Snowball be chased out by â€Å"nine enormous dogs.†(43) Napoleon made the dogs chase Snowball out because he had different points of view than Napoleon, and Napoleon wanted to control the animals with his ideas.

Business Past Paper Essay

E of the following topics and write it in the space provided. (i) ‘The changing role of women in the family’ (ii) ‘The involvement of young people in organized sports’ Topic:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. (a) State TWO reasons why a researcher would research the topic which you have stated above. (2 marks) (b) Suggest ONE objective on which a researcher may focus in doing a study on the topic you chose. (2 marks) (c) Based on the objective you suggested in 1 (b), write ONE research question. (2 marks) (d) State ONE appropriate method that may be used to collect data on the topic you chose. (1 mark) (e) Outline why a researcher should use the method you stated in 1 (d) above. (2 marks) Total 9 marks 2. (a) For the topic you have chosen, suggest TWO variables which a researcher may investigate. (2 marks) (b) Identify TWO groups from which a researcher may select a sample to get information on the topic you chose. (2 marks) (c) State ONE method of choosing a sample from ONE of the groups you identified in 2 (b) above. (1 mark) (d) Briefly describe the method you suggested in 2 (c). (2 marks) Total 7 marks 3. (a) Suggest TWO ways to display the data that may be collected on the topic you choose. (2 marks) (b) Explain briefly why the data should be displayed in the ways you suggested in 3 (a). (2 marks) (c) Name TWO statistical measures that a researcher may use to determine how numerical data, such as scores obtained in a study, are related. (2 marks) Total 6 marks Use the information in the passage below to answer questions 4 and 5. ALCOHOL AND FAMILY LIFE In a recent study done on the effects of alcohol on family life, the heads of fifty (50) low income households responded. The following information was obtained and analyzed. 30% of the respondents stated that alcohol consumption deprives some families from satisfying their basic needs, 60% indicated that it is a cause for domestic violence in the home while 10% claimed that it prevented family members from enjoying planned leisure activities. These findings have caused concern for many community groups. Leaders of these groups have indicated their desire to find some solutions to these concerns from the local authorities in their communities. 4. (a) (i) Display the findings obtained in this survey in a pie-graph in the space provided below. (4 marks) (ii) Write ONE statement about the data you displayed in the pie-graph. (2 marks) (b) State ONE characteristic of the sample used in this survey. (1 mark) (c) Name ONE research method that the researcher may have used to collect information. (1 mark) (d) Write ONE question that may be included in the research method you named in 4 (c). (1 mark) Total 9 marks 5. (a) Based on the data provided in the survey, write ONE research question. (2 marks) (b) Based on the findings you displayed in 4 (a) (i), suggest ONE recommendation that may be helpful to the community leaders. (1 mark) (c) State ONE change you would make if you were asked to conduct the study. (1 mark) Total 4 marks

Getting Started With Student Portfolios

There are many wonderful benefits to having students create portfolios--one is the enhancement of critical thinking skills which results from the need for students to develop evaluation criteria. You can also use this criteria to evaluate their work and engage in self-reflection about their progress. Additionally, students are pleased to observe their personal growth, they tend to  have better attitudes toward their work, and they are more likely to think of themselves as writers. The payoff for using portfolios becomes concrete when students discover they can earn college credit and, in some cases, skip a freshman writing class by creating a top notch writing portfolio while they are still in high school.    Before proceeding with assigning a portfolio, familiarize yourself with the rules and credit requirements for such a project. Theres little point to requiring this work from students if theyre not properly credited or dont understand the assignment.   Working Student Portfolio A working portfolio, often a simple file folder containing all the students work, is helpful when used in conjunction with the evaluation portfolio; you can start it prior to deciding what youll require in the evaluation portfolio and thus protect work from being lost. Arrangements must be made, however, to store folders in the classroom. Students at all levels generally become proud as they watch their work accumulate--even students who rarely work will be amazed to see five or more assignments that they actually finished. Getting Started With Student Portfolios There are three main factors that go into the development of a student portfolio assessment. First, you must decide on the purpose of your students  portfolios. For example, the portfolios might be used to show student growth, to identify weak spots in student work, and/or to evaluate your own teaching methods. After deciding the purpose of the portfolio, you will need to determine how you are going to grade it. In other words, what would a student need in their portfolio for it to be considered a success and for them to earn a passing grade? The answer to the previous two questions helps form the answer to the third: What should be included in the portfolio? Are you going to have students put in all  of  their work or only certain assignments? Who gets to choose? By answering the above questions, you are able to start student portfolios off on the right foot. A big mistake some teachers make is to just jump into student portfolios without thinking through exactly how they are going to manage them. To help you answer these questions, you might find it helpful to review the Portfolio Planning Checklist and Suggested Portfolio Items for each kind of portfolio students will keep. If done in a focused way, creating student portfolios will be a rewarding experience for both student and teacher.